Premenstrual Syndrome & Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) refers to a range of physical and emotional symptoms that may be experienced days before menstruation, specifically during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and that usually stop with the onset of menstruation. The severity of PMS can widely vary from person to person. It is worth noting that symptoms may increase or intensify as individuals reach their late 30s or 40s, especially during the transition to perimenopause and as they approach menopause.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a similar but more intense and debilitating form of PMS marked by more severe effects that can severely disrupt a person's daily life and relationships. The drastic negative impact of PMDD requires a more targeted treatment approach.

Causes:

The exact cause of both PMS and PMDD is still unknown. They could be related to:

  • Hormonal changes.

  • Chemical changes in the brain (serotonin fluctuations).

  • Undiagnosed or diagnosed depression.

Symptoms: 

Physical symptoms:

  • Breast tenderness.

  • Abdominal bloating or discomfort.

  • Headaches or migraines.

  • Fatigue, muscle aches, and joint pain.

  • Cramps or pelvic pain.

  • Changes in appetite and food cravings.

  • Digestive issues like diarrhea or constipation.

Emotional and behavioral symptoms:

  • Mood swings (irritability or anger).

  • Anxiety and difficulty concentrating.

  • Crying spells.

  • Changes in sleep patterns (insomnia or excessive sleep).

  • Social withdrawal and decreased interest in usual activities.

  • Changes in appetite and eating habits.

  • Change in sex drive.

Treatment: 

PMS and PMDD treatments usually consist of improving the quality of life during the premenstrual phase. However, individuals experiencing severe PMDD symptoms that affect their quality of life should consult a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan.

Lifestyle Modifications:

  • Regular exercise: Physical activity helps reduce mood swings and alleviate physical symptoms.

  • Healthy diet: A balanced diet with reduced caffeine, salt, and sugar intake may help.

  • Stress management: techniques such as yoga, meditation, and breathing exercises, or any healthy coping mechanism that suits you.

  • Sleep hygiene: A regular sleep schedule and improved sleep quality can alleviate fatigue and mood disturbances.

  • Psychotherapy in order to manage emotional and psychological symptoms.

Medications can be prescribed by a healthcare provider according to each individual case, such as:

  • Prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs help relieve pain, cramps, and headaches.

  • Hormonal treatments regulate hormonal fluctuations.

  • Antidepressants help manage mood-related symptoms.

  • Diuretics reduce fluid build-ups.

Written by:

Cristel Lahoud | Sexual health educator, midwife

Cristel Lahoud is a sexual health educator at Marsa, holding a Bachelor's degree in Midwifery and currently pursuing a Master's degree in Clinical Psychology. Her profound dedication lies in raising awareness and promoting advocacy for both sexual and reproductive health.