Endometriosis

Endometriosis is when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of it, in cavities where it does not belong, such as the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the bowel, the bladder, and can even spread to other organs. This condition leads to chronic inflammation, swelling, scar tissue formation in the pelvic region and elsewhere in the body, and the development of cysts on the ovaries. Endometriosis can begin with a person’s first menstrual period and persist until menopause.

Intense period pain that does not go away with medications and affects daily routine can be a sign of endometriosis. Do not underestimate these symptoms and consider consulting a healthcare provider. 

Causes: 

The exact cause of endometriosis is not yet defined. Studies have shown that it might be linked to:

  • Retrograde menstruation: when endometrial tissue goes into the fallopian tubes instead of going out of the body through the vagina during the period.

  • Metaplasia: when cells of the body become similar to endometrial cells.

  • When blood and lymphatic cells transport the endometrial tissues to other areas of the body.

Estrogen might increase the inflammation. However, the absence of estrogen does not lead to the absence of endometriosis.

Symptoms:  

The symptoms of endometriosis vary between individuals and range from minor to severe discomfort. They include:

  • Painful periods and/or heavy bleeding during or between periods.

  • Pain during or after sex (because of endometrial tissue stretching or pelvic spasm).

  • Pain during bowel movements and urination.

  • Difficulty getting pregnant.

  • Chronic pelvic pain caused by the endometriosis scars.

  • Bloating, nausea, or constipation.

  • Fatigue.

  • Depression or anxiety.

These symptoms may improve after menopause. 

Stages:

Endometriosis is categorized into stages ranging from 1 to 4, depending on the number of endometrial implants, their location, and their depth.

Diagnosis: 

Endometriosis is determined via a clinical exam, an IRM, and a laparoscopy

Treatment:

Options for treatment include symptomatic treatment, hormonal treatment if required, and fertility medicines in case of difficulty getting pregnant. In certain cases, laparoscopic surgery may be used to remove the endometriosis lesions.

Artwork and animation: Mabelle Sawan

Written by:

Cristel Lahoud | Sexual health educator, midwife

Cristel Lahoud is a sexual health educator at Marsa, holding a Bachelor's degree in Midwifery and currently pursuing a Master's degree in Clinical Psychology. Her profound dedication lies in raising awareness and promoting advocacy for both sexual and reproductive health.